3.3 Collaborative Tools and Applications

The concept of collaboration lacks a universally accepted definition, being a construct that encompasses a myriad of definitions and frameworks. The characterization of collaboration takes different forms in different disciplines, including psychology, sociology, education, public administration, management, social work and health sciences (Virkus, 2007).  

Etymologically, the word collaboration derives from the Latin verb ‘collaborare’, meaning to labor together (Merriam-Webster, n.d.). The Cambridge English Dictionary defines collaborative working as “the act of two or more people or organizations working together for a particular purpose” (The Cambridge English Dictionary, 2023). Roschelle and Teasley (1995, p. 70) define collaboration as “a coordinated, synchronous activity that is the result of a continued attempt to construct and maintain a shared conception of a problem”. Mattessich and Monsey (1992) propose the following definition: “Collaboration is a mutually beneficial and well-defined relationship entered into by two or more organizations to achieve common goals”. Bedwell et al. (2012) define collaboration “as an evolving process whereby two or more social entities actively and reciprocally engage in joint activities aimed at achieving at least one shared goal”. In their conception, the collaborating entities are brought together by their different skills or resources with the aim of jointly tackling a task of common interest (Virkus, 2024). 

Thus, collaboration is mostly defined as the activity, relationship, structure, methodology, process or practice of two or more entities working together to achieve a common goal (Virkus, 2007). Collaboration involves exchanging ideas, sharing resources and expertise. It can take place at different levels such as within teams, across teams, or encompassing entire organizations. Collaboration takes place in a variety of contexts, from physical workspaces and virtual team environments to online communities. In addition, cross-border collaboration is a form of collective work that transcends traditional organizational boundaries. It is a practice that transcends the boundaries of units, disciplines, geographical locations, time considerations and hierarchical structures (Virkus, 2024).

However, the concept of collaboration is often used interchangeably with cooperation, coordination, teamwork and partnership (Virkus, 2007).